Effects of Long Term Use of Prostaglandin Analogues with and Without Preservative on Normal Conjunctival Flora of Glaucoma Patients

 

Abstract

Purpose: The effects of long term use of Benzalkonium chloride-preserved prostaglandin analogue eye drop on conjunctival bacterial flora was investigated and compared with preservative-free prostaglandin analogue eye drop

Methods: Conjunctival swabs were collected from 48 patients of glaucoma who had instilled either BAK-preserved latanoprost or preservative-free travoprost eye drops for 1 year. The bacterial characteristics and sensitivity patterns of the bacterial isolates from the conjunctival swabs of the two groups were compared between each other and also with conjunctival bacterial flora from normal healthy controls.

Results: There was no significant difference in culture positivity among the three groups (p = 0.99). 100% (13/13) isolates from Latanoprost group were Gram positive organisms. In the Travoprost group, 12 out of 14 isolates (85.7%) from 13 eyes were gram positive while the rest 2 bacteria (14.3%) were gram negative. In Controls, 14 out of 16 (87.5%) isolates were gram positive and the rest were gram negative. Methicillin-resistance was seen in 72.7% (8/11) of the CONS isolated from Latanoprost group, while 45.5% (5/11) of the CONS isolated from preservative free travoprost group were Methicillin resistant. While in the controls 45.4% (5/11) of the isolated CONS were Methicillin resistant. The occurrence of Methicillin resistant CONS (MR CONS) was higher in latanoprost group than the other two groups, though not statistically significant. Resistance to commonly used antibiotics was comparatively higher in BAK-preserved latanoprost group. Not a single gram positive bacteria was resistant to Vancomycin

Conclusion: Long-term use of prostaglandin analogues for glaucoma may adversely affect the antibiotic-resistance of indigenous bacterial flora of the eye by increasing the resistance against common antibiotics including Methicillin resistance.

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Anti-Oxidant Effect of Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides on the Retina of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Rats

 

Abstract

Aim: To investigate the effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on the oxidation damage of retina of streptozotocininduced diabetes rats.

Methods: The diabetes rats were induced by injection streptozotocin intraperitoneally. LBP was intragastrically administered to the rats of the LBP group. Body weight and blood glucose were measured every four weeks. In the 24th week, the SOD and MDA of retina were measured, the expression of VEGF mRNA of retina was tested by RT-PCR, the ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy.

Results: The body weight decreased and the blood glucose increased in DM group and LBP group (P<0.01, VS control group). The body weight and blood glucose is the same level between DM group and LBP group (body weight P=0.503, blood glucose P=0.984). The SOD in DM group decreased and the MDA increased (P<0.05, VS control group). The SOD in LBP group increased and the MDA decreased (P<0.05, VS DM group). The expression of VEGF mRNA was highest in DM group and lowest in control group, and decreased in LBP group (P<0.05, VS DM group). The ultrastructure changes occur in almost all retinal nerve tissues in DM group, as represented by the number and morphology of mitochondria. A small amount of mild mitochondrial changes could be observed in the endochylema of bipolar and Müller cells in LBP group.

Conclusion: LBP can reduce the oxidative damage, alleviate the pathological changes in mitochondria, prevent the apoptosis of nerve cells and block the progression of diseases to the vascular tissue.

Keywords: Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides; Diabetes; Anti-Oxidant; Diabetic Retinopathy

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Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the visual performance after bilateral implantation of an extended depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL).

Methods: In this multicenter, prospective, observational study, the postoperative outcomes of 96 patients who underwent bilateral cataract surgery with EDOF IOL (TECNIS Symfony) were assessed.

Results: Mean decimal visual acuity results showed a binocular corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 1.10 ± 0.18, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 1.04 ± 0.17, uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA) of 0.96 ± 0.16, and uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) of 0.68 ± 0.18. Overall, 76% of the patients achieved spectacle independence across all distances, and more than 85% reported no or mild dysphotoptic phenomena. On a scale from 0 to 10, median patient satisfaction score was 9 for far, 9.5 for intermediate, and 8 for near vision.

Conclusions: The Symfony EDOF IOL provided excellent distance and intermediate visual outcome and functional near visual acuity. The visual results were associated with high levels of spectacle independence and patient satisfaction.

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An Ophthalmologist look at Art

Introduction

In the 1990s Dr. María Dolores Cortés lent me a very interesting book called “An Ophthalmologist look at art” written by Arthur Linksz M.D. The author makes several analyses, observations and conjectures about the portraits of people who accepted the indications of the painter, although there were some important persons who wanted to impose his desires and that created problems for the painter; then it’s about self-portraits, some made in front of a mirror and others taken from a photograph; later it deals with the direction of reading and writing, from left to right in the western and right to left in the East, and ends with uncapítulo on the commented astigmatism of the Greco. I think an ophthalmologist who likes art, especially painting should have read it. In short, when referring to portraits, he points out that people receive the light on the left side so as not to cover it if the painter is right-handed, except when an important person did not meet the painter’s demands.

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Thymoquinone, Lipids and Herbal Medication

 

Opinion

Georges Lemaitre’s first-time atom, or the big bang in English, was the beginning of the universe. From a very small thing began to appear the elements, matter, gases, liquids, like water, then the nebulae, within them the solar systems with their planets, satellites and comets. A small solar system in a corner of a small galaxy called the Milky Way had several planets, some large and other boys; among the little ones one had water where over time surfaces appeared with chlorine arrow that needed the sun’s rays to live and develop, then began to form beings that could move, the animals of which there were microscopic and later reached gigantic. Many millennia later Eve and Adam appeared, who were very good animals but one day they came up with sin and they stopped being animals. The animals did not sin, and first time felt naked. If Eve had not sinned today, we would all walk naked, we would be very good little animals and Jesus of Nazareth would not have had to come, because He came for sinners, not for the saints or the virtuous. A good ateor, sincerely, you can say that you do not believe in God, you must believe in the primal atom, which by analyzing its existence can be considered to be God.

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Thymoquinone, Lipids and Herbal Medication

 

Abstract

Allopathic drugs used as hypolipidemic agents have number of unwanted effects. Herbal therapy for Hyperlipidemia is getting attention due to their less frequent side effects. In this study we have compared hypolipidemic effects of Fenofibrate 40 mg with Nigella sativa. Seventy-five hyperlipidemic patients from National Hospital Lahore were enrolled for study. Consent was taken from all enrolled participants and were divided in three equal numbers i.e. twenty-five in each group. Group 1 was on Nigella sativa, group 2 was on Gemfibrozil and third group was on placebo therapy. They were advised to take drugs for two months. After completion of study pretreatment and post treatment values of LDL cholesterol were analyzed statistically. In 25 patients who were on Nigella sativa, their LDL cholesterol decreased from 191.14±3.45 to 159.40±2.98 mg/dl. 31.7 mg/dl LDL reduction was observed when compared with placebo group. In 25 patients who were on Fenofibrate 40 mg, their LDL cholesterol decreased from 197.77±3.91 mg/dl to 159.62±2.20 mg/dl. LDL reduction in this group was 38.2 mg/dl. These changes are highly significant with p-values of <0.001. We concluded from this study that hypolipidemic characteristic of Nigella sativa is comparable and therapeutically as effective as traditionally used hypolipidemic medication Fenofibrate.

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Pattern of Congenital Ocular Anomalies among Children Seen at a West African Tertiary Eye Care Centre

 

Abstract

Purpose: To describe the pattern of presentation of congenital ocular anomalies among children seen at Department of Ophthalmology (Guinness Eye Centre), Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of children below the age of 16 years who were diagnosed of any type of congenital ocular anomaly at the Pediatric Ophthalmology Clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) between January, 2012 and December, 2018 was done. Information concerning age at presentation, gender, affected eye(s), visual acuity and type of congenital anomaly were retrieved from the case files.

Results: Seven hundred and forty-five eyes of 470 patients with congenital anomalies which constituted 13.6% of all the new pediatric ophthalmic consultations were studied. Two hundred and seventy-five (58.5%) children had bilateral ocular involvement while 262 (55.7%) presented within the first year of life. The median age was 0.92 years with an interquartile range of 2.67 years. There were 255 (54.5%) males with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Congenital cataract was the most common congenital ocular anomaly documented in 224 (30.1%) eyes of 133 patients. This was followed by congenital squint (131 eyes, 17.6%), congenital glaucoma (91 eyes, 12.2%) and corneal opacity (52 eyes, 7.0%). Overall, cataract, squint, glaucoma, corneal opacity, nasolacrimal duct obstruction and ptosis accounted for 79.0% of the congenital ocular anomalies documented in this study.

Conclusion: Congenital ocular anomalies accounted for 13.6% of Paediatric ophthalmic consultations in this study. Congenital cataract, squint, glaucoma, corneal opacity, nasolacrimal duct obstruction and ptosis were the most common congenital ocular anomalies observed.

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